Return-Path: Delivered-To: alvarochf@traceseis.com Received: from cs510.bluehost.com by cs510.bluehost.com with LMTP id 6gGOEj31B2kWjgoAWiBQxw (envelope-from ) for ; Sun, 02 Nov 2025 17:20:13 -0700 Return-path: Envelope-to: alvarochf@traceseis.com Delivery-date: Sun, 02 Nov 2025 17:20:13 -0700 Received: from maile-bb.linkedin.com ([108.174.3.202]:39715) by cs510.bluehost.com with esmtps (TLS1.3) tls TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 (Exim 4.98.2) (envelope-from ) id 1vFiIv-00000002tji-0CrN for alvarochf@traceseis.com; Sun, 02 Nov 2025 17:20:13 -0700 DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=maile.linkedin.com; s=d2048-202308-0e; t=1762129201; bh=iEkro7aXsdwL55LzvJSmDhExRB+U8RPoMHRtG18imHs=; h=From:Subject:MIME-Version:Content-Type:To:Date:X-LinkedIn-Class: X-LinkedIn-Template:X-LinkedIn-fbl; b=jqlN1msKcudT8mJRGs2PeVNUlBCxMfUcRweuwuHfVjKcDJ0l8z1OTyT47zQrWdx5A Oju1Y25oFg3OEJrJm3+bZO01J8fFFMA3x6z9iK2mp3uBaO+2RKxRIzDE+r+9re6yC2 KjYAQQdNnEPLbD5nrYrvZvnrQzbZhi7QrYMlph9Za55jIz5mNbezd8qPyGvb2NC2PC ZqDNgYR9aNiSj8zu0pQD+WcqvbCpBn/VQxxU0bYBd2BPlrUCACCysSM1oIZMvqtljW CF3J+PNgamzHQvvcGmumnQLKAijdbGJYvx+ebwsY4rkJSoxZ3KuvJlHVvjrhyJ/hZ3 YvWhfxZqKGGzg== DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=linkedin.com; s=d2048-202308-00; t=1762129201; bh=iEkro7aXsdwL55LzvJSmDhExRB+U8RPoMHRtG18imHs=; h=From:Subject:MIME-Version:Content-Type:To:Date:X-LinkedIn-Class: X-LinkedIn-Template:X-LinkedIn-fbl; b=xgI7rJCLWZvgYhRUqw8GxEOYcr6vk2eSzhcXypYyNBZWv7nPoNZgB9VjH7vQ6r91h CaNOBUZQtfZFSqpTqpboRwdTVaiewdgBJ9P3fL0my5znRN7uyAexHzxIHEFI0h/K3d trT6y7SCQVY1ANYmYm4VAq6uaUO+AwFl0tRFb2fVrKDJk796025DUitUYnO51MzuUM jmZd+md7lUgu6g165GwHqPAr4ghw22O0P21/MXy06CgrZAlCUOGYlrNgeciRHsbtKp hej4WdbCt9y7hnofZTmheFPzE9PBJm3aWUxT7bxMuuQPk1jnMZ/IBXL37W9spAFexm RbaRB3u5CThPQ== From: "Reservoir Solutions (RES) via LinkedIn" Message-ID: <1441336377.18218727.1762129201688@ltx1-app40990.prod.linkedin.com> Subject: Log Interpretation Fundamentals MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="----=_Part_18218723_1803014152.1762129201685" To: "TraceSeis Inc." Date: Mon, 3 Nov 2025 00:20:01 +0000 (UTC) X-LinkedIn-Class: EMAIL-DEFAULT X-LinkedIn-Template: email_series_follow_newsletter_01 X-LinkedIn-fbl: m2-aszsx2t1ky2ewq1q42f6cq9kt851qadshm2tw3zzm0m2i29ftvbasuwsyv0sss4cjxuc623c8dxlq1zexr8udn7az27vwk0363hcom X-LinkedIn-Id: niwq2c-mhie7h0t-l7 List-Unsubscribe: List-Unsubscribe-Post: List-Unsubscribe=One-Click Require-Recipient-Valid-Since: alvarochf@traceseis.com; Wed, 13 Nov 2024 04:36:45 +0000 ------=_Part_18218723_1803014152.1762129201685 Content-Type: text/plain;charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-ID: text-body Reservoir Solutions (RES) By Reservoir Solutions (RES) By Reservoir Solutions (RES) =20 =20 Read this article on LinkedIn to join the conversation Read on LinkedIn https://www.linkedin.com/comm/pulse/log-interpretation-fundamentals-reservo= ir-solutions-vp39e?lipi=3Durn%3Ali%3Apage%3Aemail_email_series_follow_newsl= etter_01%3B46W4o5dNSyiInAS9GxG4lw%3D%3D&midToken=3DAQHs81gzrEnLQw&midSig=3D= 2xb4ikT4DQ8s01&trk=3Deml-email_series_follow_newsletter_01-null-0-read_more= _banner_cta_&trkEmail=3Deml-email_series_follow_newsletter_01-null-0-read_m= ore_banner_cta_-null-niwq2c~mhie7h0t~l7-null-null&eid=3Dniwq2c-mhie7h0t-l7&= otpToken=3DMTMwMTFjZTIxNjI2YzhjZGI0MjYwZmViNDExOGU1YjU4ZGM3ZDI0MTk4YWU4ZTYy= N2JjZTA0NmM0OTVhNWZmNGYyZDJkNGU5NDdlN2JiODA3MjkwYWFhN2UxYTFiZjJmNWVjOTlkMmE= yYjJmYThmZDQ0ZTdkMzI5LDEsMQ%3D%3D =20 In the world of subsurface evaluation, well log interpretation is one of th= e most essential tools for understanding the properties of rock formations = and fluids in the borehole. The purpose of log interpretation is to transfo= rm raw logging data into meaningful geological and petrophysical informatio= n =E2=80=94 information that guides decisions on reservoir potential, hydro= carbon presence, and field development. 1. Understanding Well Logs A well l= og is a continuous record of measurements taken along the wellbore. These m= easurements respond to various physical properties of the rocks and fluids = penetrated by the drill bit. Logs are recorded either during drilling (Logg= ing While Drilling =E2=80=93 LWD) or after drilling (Wireline Logging). Eac= h logging tool responds differently to the formation characteristics, and w= hen interpreted together, they provide a comprehensive picture of the subsu= rface. The main categories of logs include: Lithology logs =E2=80=93 such a= s gamma ray and spontaneous potential (SP), which identify shale and sand d= istributions. Resistivity logs =E2=80=93 measure the ability of rocks to re= sist electrical current, indicating fluid type (oil, gas, or water). Porosi= ty logs =E2=80=93 like density, neutron, and sonic logs, which determine th= e amount of pore space within the rock. Other specialized logs =E2=80=93 in= clude nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), spectral gamma ray, and image logs = for advanced formation characterization. 2. Steps in Log Interpretation Log= interpretation follows a systematic workflow designed to extract the maxim= um amount of information from the recorded data. a. Environmental Correctio= ns Before interpretation begins, logs must be corrected for borehole effect= s, mud type, tool calibration, and environmental influences. These correcti= ons ensure that the measurements accurately represent the formation propert= ies rather than the drilling environment. b. Lithology Identification The g= amma ray (GR) log is often the first step in identifying lithology. Shales = typically emit higher gamma radiation, while clean sandstones and carbonate= s show lower readings. When combined with neutron and density logs, litholo= gy can be distinguished more clearly. Crossplots of neutron versus density,= for example, can differentiate between limestone, dolomite, and sandstone.= c. Determination of Porosity Porosity is one of the most critical reservoi= r parameters. It determines how much space is available for fluids to occup= y. The density, neutron, and sonic logs are the main porosity indicators. E= ach responds differently depending on lithology and fluid type, so integrat= ed interpretation is key. The result is an estimate of effective porosity= =E2=80=94the volume of interconnected pores available for flow. d. Resistiv= ity and Fluid Saturation Resistivity logs measure the opposition of the roc= k to electric current. Since hydrocarbons are resistive and saline water is= conductive, the resistivity log helps distinguish between hydrocarbon-bear= ing and water-bearing zones. Using Archie=E2=80=99s Equation, water saturat= ion (Sw) can be calculated, which indicates how much of the pore space is f= illed with water versus hydrocarbons. e. Permeability and Hydrocarbon Evalu= ation While logs cannot measure permeability directly, correlations with po= rosity, lithology, and empirical relationships allow geologists to estimate= it. Combined with porosity and saturation data, this information helps ide= ntify net pay zones=E2=80=94the parts of the formation capable of producing= hydrocarbons economically. 3. Crossplot Analysis and Integration Modern in= terpretation goes beyond single-log analysis. Crossplots and multilog overl= ays provide powerful visual tools to integrate multiple measurements. For i= nstance: A neutron-density crossplot helps identify gas zones (seen as =E2= =80=9Ccrossover=E2=80=9D between the two curves). A M-N plot assists in lit= hology determination in complex reservoirs. Resistivity-porosity crossplots= can distinguish oil, gas, and water zones. Integration with core data, mud= logs, and seismic information improves accuracy and reduces uncertainty. T= his multidisciplinary approach bridges petrophysics, geology, and reservoir= engineering. 4. Limitations and Challenges Despite its importance, log int= erpretation is not without challenges. Shaly formations, complex mineralogy= , thin beds, and borehole irregularities can distort readings. Gas effects = in neutron and density logs often lead to underestimation of porosity. Simi= larly, in low-resistivity pay zones, hydrocarbons may remain undetected due= to conductive minerals or dispersed clays. Therefore, interpretation requi= res both technical expertise and geological understanding to avoid misclass= ification. 5. The Role of Modern Technology Advances in digital petrophysic= s and machine learning are transforming log interpretation. Automated algor= ithms can now process thousands of wells, detect patterns, and predict rese= rvoir properties with remarkable speed and accuracy. Image logs and NMR too= ls provide high-resolution data for fracture analysis and pore-size distrib= ution. As a result, modern interpretation is moving from qualitative =E2=80= =9Ccurve reading=E2=80=9D toward quantitative, model-driven reservoir evalu= ation. Conclusion Log interpretation remains the cornerstone of subsurface = evaluation. It connects raw downhole data to real-world geological understa= nding and economic decision-making. From identifying lithology to quantifyi= ng porosity and hydrocarbon saturation, well logs provide the critical insi= ght needed for exploration success. While technology continues to evolve, t= he fundamentals of careful analysis, data integration, and geological reaso= ning will always define the art and science of log interpretation. Keep reading on LinkedIn https://www.linkedin.com/comm/pulse/log-interpretation-fundamentals-reservo= ir-solutions-vp39e?lipi=3Durn%3Ali%3Apage%3Aemail_email_series_follow_newsl= etter_01%3B46W4o5dNSyiInAS9GxG4lw%3D%3D&midToken=3DAQHs81gzrEnLQw&midSig=3D= 2xb4ikT4DQ8s01&trk=3Deml-email_series_follow_newsletter_01-newsletter_conte= nt_preview_text-0-readmore_button_&trkEmail=3Deml-email_series_follow_newsl= etter_01-newsletter_content_preview_text-0-readmore_button_-null-niwq2c~mhi= e7h0t~l7-null-null&eid=3Dniwq2c-mhie7h0t-l7&otpToken=3DMTMwMTFjZTIxNjI2Yzhj= ZGI0MjYwZmViNDExOGU1YjU4ZGM3ZDI0MTk4YWU4ZTYyN2JjZTA0NmM0OTVhNWZmNGYyZDJkNGU= 5NDdlN2JiODA3MjkwYWFhN2UxYTFiZjJmNWVjOTlkMmEyYjJmYThmZDQ0ZTdkMzI5LDEsMQ%3D%= 3D =20 =20 ---------------------------------------- This email was intended for TraceSeis Inc. (TraceSeis, Inc: Where academic = rigor meets field-tested solutions.) Learn why we included this: https://www.linkedin.com/help/linkedin/answer/4= 788?lang=3Den&lipi=3Durn%3Ali%3Apage%3Aemail_email_series_follow_newsletter= _01%3B46W4o5dNSyiInAS9GxG4lw%3D%3D&midToken=3DAQHs81gzrEnLQw&midSig=3D2xb4i= kT4DQ8s01&trk=3Deml-email_series_follow_newsletter_01-SecurityHelp-0-textfo= oterglimmer&trkEmail=3Deml-email_series_follow_newsletter_01-SecurityHelp-0= -textfooterglimmer-null-niwq2c~mhie7h0t~l7-null-null&eid=3Dniwq2c-mhie7h0t-= l7&otpToken=3DMTMwMTFjZTIxNjI2YzhjZGI0MjYwZmViNDExOGU1YjU4ZGM3ZDI0MTk4YWU4Z= TYyN2JjZTA0NmM0OTVhNWZmNGYyZDJkNGU5NDdlN2JiODA3MjkwYWFhN2UxYTFiZjJmNWVjOTlk= MmEyYjJmYThmZDQ0ZTdkMzI5LDEsMQ%3D%3D You are receiving LinkedIn notification emails. Others can see that you are= a subscriber. 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LinkedIn and the LinkedIn logo are registered trademarks of LinkedIn. ------=_Part_18218723_1803014152.1762129201685 Content-Type: text/html;charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-ID: html-body <= head> </t= itle> <style> @media (max-width: 512px) { .mercado-container { width: 100% = !important; } } </style> <style> @media (max-width: 480px) { .inline-button, .inline-button tabl= e { display: none !important; } .full-width-button, .full-width-button table { display: table != important; } } </style> <style>body {font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, Blin= kMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', 'Fira Sans', Ubuntu, Oxygen, 'Oxygen Sans', Cantarell, 'Droid S= ans', 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica= , Arial, sans-serif;}</style> <!--[if mso]><style type=3D"text/css"> </styl= e><![endif]--> <!--[if IE]><style type=3D"text/css"> </style><![endif]--> <= /head> <body dir=3D"ltr" class=3D"font-sans bg-color-background-canvas w-fu= ll m-0 p-0 pt-1" style=3D"-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; 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-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; -ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; text-decorat= ion-line: none;"> <div class=3D"pb-0.5" style=3D"padding-bottom: 4px;"> <sp= an class=3D"text-md font-bold text-color-text break-words leading-regular" = style=3D"overflow-wrap: break-word; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; line= -height: 1.25; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);"> Reservoir Solutions (RES) </spa= n> </div> </a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style=3D"-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%= ; -ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; mso-table-lspace: 0pt; mso-table-rspace: 0pt;= "> <a href=3D"https://www.linkedin.com/comm/newsletters/7221979031120805889= ?lipi=3Durn%3Ali%3Apage%3Aemail_email_series_follow_newsletter_01%3B46W4o5d= NSyiInAS9GxG4lw%3D%3D&midToken=3DAQHs81gzrEnLQw&midSig=3D2xb4ikT4DQ= 8s01&trk=3Deml-email_series_follow_newsletter_01-newsletter_entity_lock= up-0-newsletter_entity_cta&trkEmail=3Deml-email_series_follow_newslette= r_01-newsletter_entity_lockup-0-newsletter_entity_cta-null-niwq2c~mhie7h0t~= l7-null-null&eid=3Dniwq2c-mhie7h0t-l7&otpToken=3DMTMwMTFjZTIxNjI2Yz= hjZGI0MjYwZmViNDExOGU1YjU4ZGM3ZDI0MTk4YWU4ZTYyN2JjZTA0NmM0OTVhNWZmNGYyZDJkN= GU5NDdlN2JiODA3MjkwYWFhN2UxYTFiZjJmNWVjOTlkMmEyYjJmYThmZDQ0ZTdkMzI5LDEsMQ%3= D%3D" target=3D"_blank" class=3D"no-underline" style=3D"color: #0a66c2; 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cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; text-d= ecoration: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; -ms-text-size-adjust: 100%= ; margin-left: 8px; text-decoration-line: none;"> <span class=3D"font-sans = font-bold text-sm mb-3 text-color-text-low-emphasis leading-regular" style= =3D"margin-bottom: 24px; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSys= temFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', 'Fira Sans', Ubuntu, Oxygen,= 'Oxygen Sans', Cantarell, 'Droid Sans', 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emo= ji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial= , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.25; color: = rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6);"> Reservoir Solutions (RES) </span> </a> </td> </tr> </= tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class=3D"pb-1" style=3D"-webkit-text-s= ize-adjust: 100%; -ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; mso-table-lspace: 0pt; mso-ta= ble-rspace: 0pt; padding-bottom: 8px;"> <div class=3D"p-3 bg-color-surface-= tint rounded-md font-sans" data-test-id=3D"newsletter-cta-banner" style=3D"= border-radius: 8px; 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box-shadow: 0 0 #0000, 0 0 #0000, 0 0 #0000 !important;"> <a href=3D"= https://www.linkedin.com/comm/pulse/log-interpretation-fundamentals-reservo= ir-solutions-vp39e?lipi=3Durn%3Ali%3Apage%3Aemail_email_series_follow_newsl= etter_01%3B46W4o5dNSyiInAS9GxG4lw%3D%3D&midToken=3DAQHs81gzrEnLQw&m= idSig=3D2xb4ikT4DQ8s01&trk=3Deml-email_series_follow_newsletter_01-news= letter_content_preview-0-read_more_banner_cta_&trkEmail=3Deml-email_ser= ies_follow_newsletter_01-newsletter_content_preview-0-read_more_banner_cta_= -null-niwq2c~mhie7h0t~l7-null-null&eid=3Dniwq2c-mhie7h0t-l7&otpToke= n=3DMTMwMTFjZTIxNjI2YzhjZGI0MjYwZmViNDExOGU1YjU4ZGM3ZDI0MTk4YWU4ZTYyN2JjZTA= 0NmM0OTVhNWZmNGYyZDJkNGU5NDdlN2JiODA3MjkwYWFhN2UxYTFiZjJmNWVjOTlkMmEyYjJmYT= hmZDQ0ZTdkMzI5LDEsMQ%3D%3D" target=3D"_blank" tabindex=3D"-1" aria-hidden= =3D"true" class=3D"no-underline" style=3D"color: #0a66c2; cursor: pointer; = display: inline-block; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100= %; -ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; text-decoration-line: none;"> <span class=3D= "no-underline text-white" style=3D"color: #ffffff; text-decoration-line: no= ne;"> Read on LinkedIn </span> </a> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </a> </td= > </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </td> </tr> <tr data-test-id=3D"newsletter= -content-preview--content"> <td class=3D"font-sans text-md leading-open tex= t-system-gray-90" style=3D"-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; -ms-text-size-ad= just: 100%; mso-table-lspace: 0pt; mso-table-rspace: 0pt; font-family: -app= le-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Ne= ue', 'Fira Sans', Ubuntu, Oxygen, 'Oxygen Sans', Cantarell, 'Droid Sans', '= Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', = 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height= : 1.5; color: #282828;"> <div data-test-id=3D"publishing-text-block"> <p cl= ass=3D"m-0 mt-1.5 text-md leading-open" style=3D"font-weight: 400; margin: = 0px; margin-top: 12px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5;"> <span class dat= a-test-id=3D"little-text-block">In the world of subsurface evaluation, </sp= an><span class=3D"italic" data-test-id=3D"little-text-block" style=3D"font-= style: italic;">well log interpretation</span><span class data-test-id=3D"l= ittle-text-block"> is one of the most essential tools for understanding the= properties of rock formations and fluids in the borehole. The purpose of l= og interpretation is to transform raw logging data into meaningful geologic= al and petrophysical information =E2=80=94 information that guides decision= s on reservoir potential, hydrocarbon presence, and field development.</spa= n> </p> </div> <hr data-test-id=3D"publishing-divider-block" class=3D"my-1 = h-[1px] border-0 bg-system-gray-60" style=3D"margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom= : 8px; height: 1px; border-width: 0; background-color: #8c8c8c;"> <div data= -test-id=3D"publishing-text-block"> <h3 class=3D"m-0 text-md text-system-gr= ay-90 pt-1 pb-0.5 leading-regular font-bold" data-test-id=3D"publishing-tex= t-block-h2" style=3D"margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 8px; fo= nt-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.25; color: #282828;"> <span= class data-test-id=3D"little-text-block">1. Understanding Well Logs</span>= </h3> </div> <div data-test-id=3D"publishing-text-block"> <p class=3D"m-0 = mt-1.5 text-md leading-open" style=3D"font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; margin= -top: 12px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5;"> <span class data-test-id= =3D"little-text-block">A </span><span class=3D"font-[700]" data-test-id=3D"= little-text-block" style=3D"font-weight: 700;">well log</span><span class d= ata-test-id=3D"little-text-block"> is a continuous record of measurements t= aken along the wellbore. These measurements respond to various physical pro= perties of the rocks and fluids penetrated by the drill bit. Logs are recor= ded either during drilling (</span><span class=3D"font-[700]" data-test-id= =3D"little-text-block" style=3D"font-weight: 700;">Logging While Drilling = =E2=80=93 LWD</span><span class data-test-id=3D"little-text-block">) or aft= er drilling (</span><span class=3D"font-[700]" data-test-id=3D"little-text-= block" style=3D"font-weight: 700;">Wireline Logging</span><span class data-= test-id=3D"little-text-block">).</span> </p> </div> <div data-test-id=3D"pu= blishing-text-block"> <p class=3D"m-0 mt-1.5 text-md leading-open" style=3D= "font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; margin-top: 12px; font-size: 16px; line-hei= ght: 1.5;"> <span class data-test-id=3D"little-text-block">Each logging too= l responds differently to the formation characteristics, and when interpret= ed together, they provide a comprehensive picture of the subsurface. The ma= in categories of logs include:</span> </p> </div> <div data-test-id=3D"publ= ishing-text-block"> <p class=3D"m-0 mt-1.5 text-md leading-open" style=3D"f= ont-weight: 400; margin: 0px; margin-top: 12px; font-size: 16px; line-heigh= t: 1.5;"> <span class data-test-id=3D"little-text-block"> <ul class=3D"bloc= k mt-2 mr-0 ml-3 p-0" data-test-id=3D"little-template-list-unordered" style= =3D"margin-left: 24px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 16px; display: block;= padding: 0px;"> <li class=3D"mt-1.5 ml-2 text-md leading-open text-system-= gray-90" style=3D"margin-left: 16px; margin-top: 12px; font-size: 16px; lin= e-height: 1.5; color: #282828;"> <span class=3D"font-[700]" data-test-id=3D= "little-text-block" style=3D"font-weight: 700;">Lithology logs</span><span = class data-test-id=3D"little-text-block"> =E2=80=93 such as gamma ray and s= pontaneous potential (SP), which identify shale and sand distributions.</sp= an> </li> <li class=3D"mt-1.5 ml-2 text-md leading-open text-system-gray-90= " style=3D"margin-left: 16px; margin-top: 12px; font-size: 16px; line-heigh= t: 1.5; color: #282828;"> <span class=3D"font-[700]" data-test-id=3D"little= -text-block" style=3D"font-weight: 700;">Resistivity logs</span><span class= data-test-id=3D"little-text-block"> =E2=80=93 measure the ability of rocks= to resist electrical current, indicating fluid type (oil, gas, or water).<= /span> </li> <li class=3D"mt-1.5 ml-2 text-md leading-open text-system-gray= -90" style=3D"margin-left: 16px; margin-top: 12px; font-size: 16px; line-he= ight: 1.5; color: #282828;"> <span class=3D"font-[700]" data-test-id=3D"lit= tle-text-block" style=3D"font-weight: 700;">Porosity logs</span><span class= data-test-id=3D"little-text-block"> =E2=80=93 like density, neutron, and s= onic logs, which determine the amount of pore space within the rock.</span>= </li> <li class=3D"mt-1.5 ml-2 text-md leading-open text-system-gray-90" s= tyle=3D"margin-left: 16px; margin-top: 12px; font-size: 16px; line-height: = 1.5; color: #282828;"> <span class=3D"font-[700]" data-test-id=3D"little-te= xt-block" style=3D"font-weight: 700;">Other specialized logs</span><span cl= ass data-test-id=3D"little-text-block"> =E2=80=93 include nuclear magnetic = resonance (NMR), spectral gamma ray, and image logs for advanced formation = characterization.</span> </li> </ul> </span> </p> </div> <hr data-test-id= =3D"publishing-divider-block" class=3D"my-1 h-[1px] border-0 bg-system-gray= -60" style=3D"margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; height: 1px; border-widt= h: 0; background-color: #8c8c8c;"> <div data-test-id=3D"publishing-text-blo= ck"> <h3 class=3D"m-0 text-md text-system-gray-90 pt-1 pb-0.5 leading-regul= ar font-bold" data-test-id=3D"publishing-text-block-h2" style=3D"margin: 0p= x; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 8px; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600= ; line-height: 1.25; color: #282828;"> <span class data-test-id=3D"little-t= ext-block">2. Steps in Log Interpretation</span> </h3> </div> <div data-tes= t-id=3D"publishing-text-block"> <p class=3D"m-0 mt-1.5 text-md leading-open= " style=3D"font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; margin-top: 12px; font-size: 16px= ; line-height: 1.5;"> <span class data-test-id=3D"little-text-block">Log in= terpretation follows a systematic workflow designed to extract the maximum = amount of information from the recorded data.</span> </p> </div> <span>...<= /span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class=3D"pt-2 no-underline" style=3D"-webkit-te= xt-size-adjust: 100%; -ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; mso-table-lspace: 0pt; ms= o-table-rspace: 0pt; padding-top: 16px; text-decoration-line: none;"> <tabl= e role=3D"presentation" valign=3D"top" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellp= adding=3D"0" width=3D"100%" class=3D"email-button series-content-preview__b= ottom-cta" data-test-id=3D"email-button" style=3D"-webkit-text-size-adjust:= 100%; -ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; mso-table-lspace: 0pt; mso-table-rspace:= 0pt;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign=3D"middle" align=3D"left" style=3D"-webkit-= text-size-adjust: 100%; 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