Return-Path: Delivered-To: alvarochf@traceseis.com Received: from cs510.bluehost.com by cs510.bluehost.com with LMTP id GGd/FQvJfGkCvAEAWiBQxw (envelope-from ) for ; Fri, 30 Jan 2026 08:06:51 -0700 Return-path: Envelope-to: alvarochf@traceseis.com Delivery-date: Fri, 30 Jan 2026 08:06:51 -0700 Received: from v541.v5375b7fa.use4.send.mailgun.net ([159.112.244.41]:40166) by cs510.bluehost.com with esmtps (TLS1.2) tls TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 (Exim 4.98.2) (envelope-from ) id 1vlq5C-00000000U2s-44Nx for alvarochf@traceseis.com; Fri, 30 Jan 2026 08:06:51 -0700 DKIM-Signature: a=rsa-sha256; v=1; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=mg-d1.substack.com; q=dns/txt; s=k1; t=1769785594; x=1769792794; h=List-Unsubscribe-Post: List-Unsubscribe: List-Post: List-Id: List-Archive: List-Owner: Reply-To: In-Reply-To: References: Sender: Sender: Date: Message-Id: To: To: From: From: Subject: Subject: Content-Type: Mime-Version; bh=f/APUU2mZ78Q9LUg+BkL5SgqtVk/T3JHt21I0E4qT1s=; b=KvuN5+v5t429l32/SrAMi9JeAWO2Md66RMQCLGebwlq+hD0Dd5T5TrdiX6ldHG6PpBaFsixLp2W4Sfz2IhROvzSEjSr0f+wRk8O4By7xjOQzjG386ECUlpO2mX405mUm36XeLzlDZOvXyHtnU/PobHAD9FdmvoGMUKWXi5FtyTM= X-Mailgun-Sid: WyJiYTg1MiIsImFsdmFyb2NoZkB0cmFjZXNlaXMuY29tIiwiMzliMDhjNiJd Received: by c61c55426459422c00c56a6e16c3821b2754cbd5cfb67f39126a9670cb0ed9ed with HTTP id 697cc8fac647a1ecf4764ff2; Fri, 30 Jan 2026 15:06:33 GMT X-Mailgun-Sending-Ip: 159.112.244.41 X-Mailgun-Batch-Id: 697cc8f99faf308abf70684b Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="2ee21366f5613b5fbde86ca5253cf227dbf0aa58b0bf6907d6bebd9362e3" Subject: On the Noble Uses of AI From: Cosmos Institute To: alvarochf@traceseis.com X-Mailgun-Tag: post X-Mailgun-Track-Clicks: false Message-Id: <20260130150403.3.24932b551042c9b9@mg-d1.substack.com> Date: Fri, 30 Jan 2026 15:04:03 +0000 Feedback-Id: post-186282973:cat-post:pub-2225794:substack Sender: Cosmos Institute References: In-Reply-To: Reply-To: Cosmos Institute List-Owner: List-Url: List-Archive: List-Id: List-Post: List-Unsubscribe: List-Unsubscribe-Post: List-Unsubscribe=One-Click X-Mailgun-Variables: {"category": "post", "email_generated_at": "1769785592955", "is_freemail": "true", "post_audience": "everyone", "post_id": "186282973", "post_type": "newsletter", "pub_community_enabled": "true", "publication_id": "2225794", "subdomain": "cosmosinstitute", "user_id": "347258985"} --2ee21366f5613b5fbde86ca5253cf227dbf0aa58b0bf6907d6bebd9362e3 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable View this post on the web at https://blog.cosmos-institute.org/p/on-the-nob= le-uses-of-ai This is a guest post by Kevin Vallier [ https://substack.com/redirect/e4c8b= 22c-ffd1-4b4b-9f7a-8a4966d02a92?j=3DeyJ1IjoiNXFxeXF4In0.h9dEDbGj64cTNudluPw= bMYWklSu8UKGoFv6eWS-HyoA ], a Professor of Philosophy at the University of = Toledo and Director of Research at the Institute of American Constitutional= Thought and Leadership. Pepper was once a luxury. Medieval merchants traveled halfway around the wo= rld to bring it to European tables. Now it sits in shakers at every restaur= ant, free for the taking. It became cheap because people wanted to put it o= n everything.=20 Intelligence is becoming pepper. As Sam Altman puts it [ https://substack.com/redirect/6e7e48a6-3734-4154-a4= 9c-dadca9885ab8?j=3DeyJ1IjoiNXFxeXF4In0.h9dEDbGj64cTNudluPwbMYWklSu8UKGoFv6= eWS-HyoA ], intelligence =E2=80=9Ctoo cheap to meter.=E2=80=9D Open-source = models already make raw cognitive power free at the point of use. Soon it w= ill be everywhere, layered over every interaction, and available for every = task. Our operative intelligence, the combination of biological and artific= ial neural networks, will expand dramatically. But as artificial intelligen= ce becomes cheap, biological intelligence may decline. A society can grow s= marter while its members=E2=80=99 skills atrophy. Most people find this prospect irredeemably bad. I think some atrophy is ac= ceptable and sometimes beneficial. This thesis is surprisingly moderate. We= already accept strategic cognitive atrophy when the trade-offs are right. = Calculators have led to the atrophy of mental arithmetic capacity, yet math= ematicians today are better at mathematics than ever. They gave up tedium a= nd they gained something greater: the ability to solve harder problems.=20 Mathematicians now routinely use computer algebra systems (such as Mathemat= ica) and programming languages (such as Lean) to support mathematical reaso= ning. This lets them explore problems they could not before. The four-color= theorem [ https://substack.com/redirect/24ad5f2f-01b5-49fd-b5ca-6e0b840f78= 4c?j=3DeyJ1IjoiNXFxeXF4In0.h9dEDbGj64cTNudluPwbMYWklSu8UKGoFv6eWS-HyoA ] wa= s proven in 1976 with computer assistance, as no human could have checked a= ll the cases themselves. This pattern is ancient. Writing hurts our memory,= but no one wants to stop people from writing. This precedent shows that co= gnitive offloading can enhance human flourishing when properly structured. AI will cause some cognitive atrophy. Offloading is inevitable when intelli= gence becomes free. We=E2=80=99ll need to decide which forms of atrophy we = should accept given their inevitability. Trade-offs John Stuart Mill and Aristotle help clarify when these trade-offs prove acc= eptable. Mill distinguished between higher and lower-order pleasures. By hi= gher pleasures he wasn=E2=80=99t talking about =E2=80=9Crefined=E2=80=9D ta= stes or elite entertainment. He meant the pleasures that engage our distinc= tively human capacities: reasoning, imagination, and moral feeling. As Mill= put it in Utilitarianism, we =E2=80=9Cassign to the pleasures of the intel= lect, of the feelings and imagination, and of the moral sentiments, a much = higher value as pleasures than to those of mere sensation.=E2=80=9D Consider someone who has experienced the satisfaction of a nice-tasting mea= l and the satisfaction of solving a difficult problem. If she is honest, sh= e will rank the second higher. These provide a deeper satisfaction. This is Mill=E2=80=99s =E2=80=9Ccompetent judges=E2=80=9D test. Ask anyone = who has genuinely experienced both kinds of pleasure which they would give = up. They will sacrifice bodily pleasures first. The fool may be content. Bu= t Socrates, even when dissatisfied, has something the fool will never have. Aristotle made a similar observation over 2,000 years prior. He distinguish= ed three lives: the life of pleasure, the life of political action, and the= life of contemplation. The life of pleasure seeks bodily satisfaction. The= life of action seeks honor and achievement. But the contemplative life see= ks truth itself. Contemplation is not passive. It is the most intense activity the mind can = perform. It means thinking about the highest things: the structure of reali= ty, the nature of the good, and the order of the cosmos. This activity is n= ot labor-intensive like farming or manufacturing, and it=E2=80=99s not leis= ure either. It is the mind at full stretch. Aristotle thought most people could not sustain a contemplative life. The d= emands of survival intervened. But he also thought that insofar as we can c= ontemplate, we should. It is what we are for. This is where AI=E2=80=99s promise shines through. It can handle lower-orde= r cognitive tasks, freeing us for activities that engage our highest capaci= ties. A researcher who once spent hours hunting for sources can now spend t= hose hours thinking about what the sources mean. A writer who labored over = formatting can focus on whether the argument is true. Of course, people may not do this. We all know that AI can seduce us into p= assivity. But I would argue that it also elevates the opportunities for vir= tue. The mind freed from drudgery really can rise. It can shift us from the= mechanical to the meaningful. If we follow the competent judges test, as M= ill would have us, we know that most people do not prefer the mechanical on= ce they have moved beyond it. Many people really do have the time to cultiv= ate virtue and devote themselves to pursuits that satisfy them and that ach= ieve their highest values. AI gives us the chance to do that. Following Mill and Aristotle, cognitive offloading is acceptable only when = it preserves these capacities. It can become noble when it enhances them. What to Offload Consider two patients facing the same diagnosis. The first asks an AI what = treatment to pursue and then simply does it. She has outsourced both the in= formation-gathering and the judgment itself. Her capacity for medical reaso= ning atrophies because she never exercises it. She cannot evaluate what the= AI told her. She cannot ask her doctor the right questions. When the AI er= rs, she has no way to catch its mistake. The second patient uses AI differently. She conducts an extensive medical r= eview, reading research reports that the AI surfaces. She generates a list = of questions for her doctor based on what she learned, brings the reports t= o the appointment, and discusses them. The doctor makes the call, but with = a better-informed patient in the room. Both patients offloaded cognition. But the second preserved her deliberativ= e capacity. She did not hunt for the research herself (there=E2=80=99s no f= ree cognitive lunch), but she did something harder: evaluate it. Her speed = at reading dense medical literature may atrophy. But her ability to weigh t= rade-offs, to question authority, and to integrate information grows strong= er. Offloading exists on a spectrum. The same pattern emerges in education, but= with deliberation more fully intact. A student can have AI do her homework= and then pass it off as her own. She speaks fluently about concepts she do= esn=E2=80=99t understand. The appearance of intelligence replaces its reali= ty. Like muscles that atrophy without use, her reasoning capacity withers. Or she can use AI to challenge herself. Study mode forces her to work throu= gh problems rather than receiving answers. The AI asks questions, corrects = misconceptions, and refuses to simply hand over solutions. Each session bui= lds her capacity. She=E2=80=99s still using AI. But she=E2=80=99s building = human thinking on top of AI thinking. Autopilot shows what happens when atrophy goes wrong. Modern pilots offload= constantly, and for good reason; automated systems handle airspeed, altitu= de, and navigation almost all of the time. The pilot watches the machines w= ork, which reduces fatigue. Flights have become far safer as a result. Stil= l, there is a loss. As we know from the movies, hand-flying an aircraft kee= ps pilots in the loop, letting them feel the aircraft=E2=80=99s responses i= ntimately. That helps create a continuous mental model of where the plane i= s located and what comes next. Autopilot allows for drift, and the mental m= odel fades. Air France 447 is illustrative. In 2009, over the mid-Atlantic, the aircraf= t=E2=80=99s pitot tubes iced over, and the autopilot disconnected. The pilo= ts had to hand-fly in unusual conditions and made simple mistakes. The airc= raft stalled, but the pilot pulled the nose up. The flight had 228 people. = None survived. The pilots had thousands of hours of flying time between them, but their cr= itical skills atrophied from disuse. Automation makes us safer while making= rare emergencies devastating. The mathematician who offloads arithmetic st= ill knows how to solve hard problems. The pilots who offloaded flying could= not fly when it mattered. What distinguishes good offloading from bad? The examples suggest an answer= =2E Offload mechanical cognition: the t= edious, repetitive operations that don= =E2=80=99t require judgment. Preserve core deliberative capacities: the abi= lity to evaluate, choose, and reason through hard cases. Make sure evaluati= ng AI outputs requires active engagement. Expand higher-level intellectual = activity. And preserve cognitive sovereignty: maintain the ability to conte= st what the AI tells you, to understand how it reached its conclusions, and= to exit when you need to. Permissible atrophy In my previous essay for Cosmos, I argued that intelligence environments [ = https://substack.com/redirect/4c647c45-d2ae-42a3-97f8-d13417078d39?j=3DeyJ1= IjoiNXFxeXF4In0.h9dEDbGj64cTNudluPwbMYWklSu8UKGoFv6eWS-HyoA ] require conte= stability, transparency, and exit rights. Permissible atrophy is the next q= uestion, and it is not just a personal one. We are designing intelligence environments for one another. A teacher who a= ssigns AI tools shapes what her students become. An employer who deploys AI= assistants shapes what their workers can do. These choices become the form= al and informal rules that govern how we think.=20 We have freed people from drudgery before. Some wasted the freedom. Others = turned toward higher things. AI can go either way. Build it wrong, and we m= ay create sophisticated parrots: fluent, confident, and hollow. Pepper became cheap because people wanted to put it on everything. Intellig= ence is becoming cheap for the same reason. How we embed it will determine = who we become. 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padding-top: 25%; width: 25%; display: block; } .audio-player-wrapper-fancy .audio-player .btn-group { display: flex; } .audio-player-wrapper-fancy .audio-player .btn-group .button:first-of-typ= e { display: block; } } @media (min-width: 400px) { .audio-player-wrapper-fancy .audio-player .audio-player-hero-image-contai= ner { padding-top: 40%; width: 40%; } } @media (max-width: 400px) { .audio-player-wrapper-fancy .audio-player .btn-group { margin-top: 12px; } .audio-player-wrapper-fancy .audio-player .btn-group .button { font-size: 13px; padding: 6px 12px; height: auto; margin-top: 10px; } } @media (min-width: 600px) { .audio-player-wrapper-fancy .audio-player .audio-player-hero-image-contai= ner { padding-top: 55%; width: 55%; } } @media (max-width: 650px) { .poll-editor-modal { min-width: calc(100% - 20px); } } @media (max-width: 750px) { .poll-embed .poll-anchor-target .poll-anchor-copy-button { left: 8px; top: 45px; } }</style></head><body class=3D"email-body" style=3D"font-kerning: auto;--im= age-offset-margin: -120px;"><img src=3D"https://eotrx.substackcdn.com/open?= token=3DeyJtIjoiPDIwMjYwMTMwMTUwNDAzLjMuMjQ5MzJiNTUxMDQyYzliOUBtZy1kMS5zdWJ= zdGFjay5jb20-IiwidSI6MzQ3MjU4OTg1LCJyIjoiYWx2YXJvY2hmQHRyYWNlc2Vpcy5jb20iLC= JkIjoibWctZDEuc3Vic3RhY2suY29tIiwicCI6MTg2MjgyOTczLCJ0IjoibmV3c2xldHRlciIsI= mEiOiJldmVyeW9uZSIsInMiOjIyMjU3OTQsImMiOiJwb3N0IiwiZiI6dHJ1ZSwicG9zaXRpb24i= OiJ0b3AiLCJpYXQiOjE3Njk3ODU1OTIsImV4cCI6MTc3MjM3NzU5MiwiaXNzIjoicHViLTAiLCJ= zdWIiOiJlbyJ9.KesQ5Bxj3XBXUp3bi2-a4nHS7j9civfnYsciD97jo4o" alt=3D"" width= =3D"1" height=3D"1" border=3D"0" style=3D"height:1px !important;width:1px != important;border-width:0 !important;margin-top:0 !important;margin-bottom:0= !important;margin-right:0 !important;margin-left:0 !important;padding-top:= 0 !important;padding-bottom:0 !important;padding-right:0 !important;padding= -left:0 !important;"/><div class=3D"preview" style=3D"display:none;font-siz= e:1px;color:#333333;line-height:1px;max-height:0px;max-width:0px;opacity:0;= overflow:hidden;">When Cognitive Offloading Elevates Us</div><div class=3D"= preview" style=3D"display:none;font-size:1px;color:#333333;line-height:1px;= max-height:0px;max-width:0px;opacity:0;overflow:hidden;">͏   Q= 99; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏ &n= bsp;   ­͏     ­͏     ­= ͏     ­͏     ­͏   ̳= 9; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏ &nb= sp;   ­͏     ­͏     ­&= #847;     ­͏     ­͏    = ; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏ &nbs= p;   ­͏     ­͏     ­&#= 847;     ­͏     ­͏    = ­͏     ­͏     ­͏  = ;   ­͏     ­͏     ­= 47;     ­͏     ­͏     = ­͏     ­͏     ­͏  =   ­͏     ­͏     ­T= 7;     ­͏     ­͏     &= #173;͏     ­͏     ­͏   =   ­͏     ­͏     ­͏= ;     ­͏     ­͏     &#= 173;͏     ­͏     ­͏   &= #8199; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏=     ­͏     ­͏     = 73;͏     ­͏     ­͏   &#= 8199; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏ =     ­͏     ­͏     = 3;͏     ­͏     ­͏   = 199; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏ &= nbsp;   ­͏     ­͏     ­= ;͏     ­͏     ­͏   Q= 99; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏ &n= bsp;   ­͏     ­͏     ­= ͏     ­͏     ­͏   ̳= 9; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏ &nb= sp;   ­͏     ­͏     ­&= #847;     ­͏     ­͏    = ; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏ &nbs= p;   ­͏     ­͏     ­&#= 847;     ­͏     ­͏    = ­͏     ­͏     ­͏  = ;   ­͏     ­͏     ­= 47;     ­͏     ­͏     = ­͏     ­͏     ­͏  =   ­͏     ­͏     ­T= 7;     ­͏     ­͏     &= #173;͏     ­͏     ­͏   =   ­͏     ­͏     ­͏= ;     ­͏     ­͏     &#= 173;͏     ­͏     ­͏   &= #8199; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏=     ­͏     ­͏     = 73;͏     ­͏     ­͏   &#= 8199; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏ =     ­͏     ­͏     = 3;͏     ­͏     ­͏   = 199; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏ &= nbsp;   ­͏     ­͏     ­= ;͏     ­͏     ­͏   Q= 99; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏ &n= bsp;   ­͏     ­͏     ­= ͏     ­͏     ­͏   ̳= 9; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏ &nb= sp;   ­͏     ­͏     ­&= #847;     ­͏     ­͏    = ; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏ &nbs= p;   ­͏     ­͏     ­&#= 847;     ­͏     ­͏    = ­͏     ­͏     ­͏  = ;   ­͏     ­͏     ­= 47;     ­͏     ­͏     = ­͏     ­͏     ­͏  =   ­͏     ­͏     ­T= 7;     ­͏     ­͏     &= #173;͏     ­͏     ­͏   =   ­͏     ­͏     ­͏= ;     ­͏     ­͏     &#= 173;͏     ­</div><table class=3D"email-body-container"= role=3D"presentation" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpa= dding=3D"0"><tbody><tr><td></td><td class=3D"content" width=3D"550"></td><t= d></td></tr><tr><td></td><td class=3D"content" width=3D"550" align=3D"left"= ><div style=3D"font-size: 16px;line-height: 26px;max-width: 550px;width: 10= 0%;margin: 0 auto;overflow-wrap: break-word;"><table role=3D"presentation" = width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0"><tbody><tr>= <td align=3D"right" style=3D"height:20px;"><table role=3D"presentation" wid= th=3D"auto" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0"><tbody><tr><td= style=3D"vertical-align:middle;"><span class=3D"pencraft pc-reset reset-Ix= iVJZ tw-font-body tw-text-ssm tw-text-substack-secondary" style=3D"font-fam= ily: SF Pro Text, -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, Inter, Sego= e UI, Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, Apple Color Emoji, Segoe UI Emo= ji, Segoe UI 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=3D"https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=3D2225794&post_id=3D1= 86282973&utm_source=3Dpost-email-title&utm_campaign=3Demail-post-title&isFr= eemail=3Dtrue&r=3D5qqyqx&token=3DeyJ1c2VyX2lkIjozNDcyNTg5ODUsInBvc3RfaWQiOj= E4NjI4Mjk3MywiaWF0IjoxNzY5Nzg1NTkyLCJleHAiOjE3NzIzNzc1OTIsImlzcyI6InB1Yi0yM= jI1Nzk0Iiwic3ViIjoicG9zdC1yZWFjdGlvbiJ9.nZACDXc-1qwhewKkBe7IWTKG-RShoCN9Lfa= Re4Yy8qM" style=3D"color: rgb(54,55,55);text-decoration: none;">On the Nobl= e Uses of AI</a></h1><h3 class=3D"subtitle subtitle-HEEcLo" dir=3D"auto" st= yle=3D"direction: auto;text-align: start;unicode-bidi: isolate;font-family:= 'SF Pro Display',-apple-system-headline,system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSy= stemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif,'Apple Color Emoji','= Segoe UI Emoji','Segoe UI Symbol';font-weight: normal;-webkit-font-smoothin= g: antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing: antialiased;-webkit-appearance: opt= imizelegibility;-moz-appearance: optimizelegibility;appearance: optimizeleg= ibility;margin: 4px 0 0;color: #777777;line-height: 24px;font-size: 18px;ma= rgin-top: 12px;">When Cognitive Offloading Elevates Us</h3><table class=3D"= post-meta" role=3D"presentation" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D= "0" cellpadding=3D"0" style=3D"margin: 1em 0;height: 20px;align-items: cent= er;"><tbody><tr><td><table role=3D"presentation" width=3D"auto" border=3D"0= " cellspacing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0"><tbody><tr><td><table role=3D"present= ation" width=3D"auto" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0"><tbo= dy><tr><td style=3D"vertical-align:middle;"><div class=3D"pencraft pc-reset= color-primary-zABazT line-height-20-t4M0El font-meta-MWBumP size-11-NuY2Zx= weight-medium-fw81nC transform-uppercase-yKDgcq reset-IxiVJZ meta-EgzBVA c= ustom-css-email-post-author" style=3D"list-style: none;font-size: 11px;line= -height: 20px;text-decoration: unset;color: rgb(54,55,55);margin: 0;font-fa= mily: 'SF Compact',-apple-system,system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont= ,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif,'Apple Color Emoji','Segoe UI= Emoji','Segoe UI Symbol';font-weight: 500;text-transform: uppercase;letter= -spacing: .2px;"><a class=3D"pencraft pc-reset color-primary-zABazT line-he= ight-20-t4M0El font-meta-MWBumP size-11-NuY2Zx weight-medium-fw81nC transfo= rm-uppercase-yKDgcq reset-IxiVJZ meta-EgzBVA" style=3D"list-style: none;col= or: rgb(54,55,55);margin: 0;font-size: 11px;line-height: 20px;font-family: = 'SF Compact',-apple-system,system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Sego= e UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif,'Apple Color Emoji','Segoe UI Emoji= ','Segoe UI Symbol';font-weight: 500;text-transform: uppercase;letter-spaci= ng: .2px;text-decoration: none" href=3D"https://substack.com/@cosmosinstitu= te">Cosmos Institute</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td><= table role=3D"presentation" width=3D"auto" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" c= ellpadding=3D"0"><tbody><tr><td style=3D"vertical-align:middle;"><div class= 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KGoFv6eWS-HyoA" rel=3D"" style=3D"color: rgb(54,55,55);text-decoration: und= erline;">Kevin Vallier</a><span>, a Professor of Philosophy at the Universi= ty of Toledo and Director of Research at the Institute of American Constitu= tional Thought and Leadership.</span></em></p><div class=3D"captioned-image= -container-static" style=3D"font-size: 16px;line-height: 26px;margin: 32px = auto;"><figure style=3D"width: 100%;margin: 0 auto;"><table class=3D"image-= wrapper" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" da= ta-component-name=3D"Image2ToDOMStatic" style=3D"mso-padding-alt: 1em 0 1.6= em;"><tbody><tr><td style=3D"text-align: center;"></td><td class=3D"content= " align=3D"left" width=3D"1186" style=3D"text-align: center;"><a class=3D"i= mage-link" target=3D"_blank" href=3D"https://substack.com/redirect/53c53e55= -94de-4735-b8d8-6532ade3c67b?j=3DeyJ1IjoiNXFxeXF4In0.h9dEDbGj64cTNudluPwbMY= WklSu8UKGoFv6eWS-HyoA" rel=3D"" style=3D"position: relative;flex-direction:= column;align-items: center;padding: 0;width: auto;height: auto;border: non= e;text-decoration: none;display: block;margin: 0;"><img class=3D"wide-image= " data-attrs=3D"{"src":"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazo= naws.com/public/images/15938db0-ef5f-4ed3-be04-dbd8637b4280_1186x872.jpeg&q= uot;,"srcNoWatermark":null,"fullscreen":null,"imag= eSize":null,"height":872,"width":1186,"resize= Width":null,"bytes":430330,"alt":"Pieter Brue= gel the Elder - The Harvesters - The Metropolitan Museum of Art","= ;title":null,"type":"image/jpeg","href":= null,"belowTheFold":false,"topImage":true,"interna= lRedirect":null,"isProcessing":false,"align":null,= "offset":false}" alt=3D"Pieter Bruegel the Elder - The Harvesters= - The Metropolitan Museum of Art" title=3D"Pieter Bruegel the Elder - The = Harvesters - The Metropolitan Museum of Art" width=3D"550" height=3D"404.38= 44856661046" src=3D"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!w_6y!,w_1100,c_= limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-m= edia.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F15938db0-ef5f-4ed3-be04-dbd8637b4= 280_1186x872.jpeg" style=3D"border: none !important;vertical-align: middle;= display: block;-ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic;height: auto;margin-bottom: = 0;width: auto !important;max-width: 100% !important;margin: 0 auto;"></a></= td><td style=3D"text-align: center;"></td></tr></tbody></table><figcaption = class=3D"image-caption" style=3D"box-sizing: content-box;color: rgb(119,119= ,119);font-size: 14px;line-height: 20px;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: -.= 15px;margin-top: 8px;width: 70%;padding-left: 15%;padding-right: 15%;text-a= lign: center;"><span>Pieter Bruegel the Elder, </span><em>The</em><span> </= span><em>Harvesters</em><span> (1565) </span></figcaption></figure></div><= p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-s= ize: 16px;">Pepper was once a luxury. Medieval merchants traveled halfway a= round the world to bring it to European tables. Now it sits in shakers at e= very restaurant, free for the taking. It became cheap because people wanted= to put it on everything. </p><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,= 55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;">Intelligence is becoming pepper.= </p><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;f= ont-size: 16px;"><span>As Sam Altman </span><a href=3D"https://substack.com= /redirect/6e7e48a6-3734-4154-a49c-dadca9885ab8?j=3DeyJ1IjoiNXFxeXF4In0.h9dE= DbGj64cTNudluPwbMYWklSu8UKGoFv6eWS-HyoA" rel=3D"" style=3D"color: rgb(54,55= ,55);text-decoration: underline;">puts it</a><span>, intelligence “to= o cheap to meter.” Open-source models already make raw cognitive powe= r free at the point of use. Soon it will be everywhere, layered over every = interaction, and available for every task. Our operative intelligence, the = combination of biological and artificial neural networks, will expand drama= tically. But as artificial intelligence becomes cheap, biological intellige= nce may decline. A society can grow smarter while its members’ skills= atrophy.</span></p><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);lin= e-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;">Most people find this prospect irredeemabl= y bad. I think some atrophy is acceptable and sometimes beneficial. This th= esis is surprisingly moderate. We already accept strategic cognitive atroph= y when the trade-offs are right. Calculators have led to the atrophy of men= tal arithmetic capacity, yet mathematicians today are better at mathematics= than ever. They gave up tedium and they gained something greater: the abil= ity to solve harder problems. </p><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb= (54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;"><span>Mathematicians now rou= tinely use computer algebra systems (such as Mathematica) and programming l= anguages (such as Lean) to support mathematical reasoning. This lets them e= xplore problems they could not before. The </span><a href=3D"https://substa= ck.com/redirect/24ad5f2f-01b5-49fd-b5ca-6e0b840f784c?j=3DeyJ1IjoiNXFxeXF4In= 0.h9dEDbGj64cTNudluPwbMYWklSu8UKGoFv6eWS-HyoA" rel=3D"" style=3D"color: rgb= (54,55,55);text-decoration: underline;">four-color theorem</a><span> was pr= oven in 1976 with computer assistance, as no human could have checked all t= he cases themselves. This pattern is ancient. Writing hurts our memory, but= no one wants to stop people from writing. This precedent shows that cognit= ive offloading can enhance human flourishing when properly structured.</spa= n></p><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px= ;font-size: 16px;"><span>AI </span><em>will</em><span> cause some cognitive= atrophy. Offloading is inevitable when intelligence becomes free. We’= ;ll need to decide which forms of atrophy we should accept given their inev= itability.</span></p><h3 class=3D"header-anchor-post" style=3D"position: re= lative;font-family: 'SF Pro Display',-apple-system-headline,system-ui,-appl= e-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif,'A= pple Color Emoji','Segoe UI Emoji','Segoe UI Symbol';font-weight: bold;-web= kit-font-smoothing: antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing: antialiased;-webki= t-appearance: optimizelegibility;-moz-appearance: optimizelegibility;appear= ance: optimizelegibility;margin: 1em 0 0.625em 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-= height: 1.16em;font-size: 1.375em;">Trade-offs</h3><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 = 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;"><span>John = Stuart Mill and Aristotle help clarify when these trade-offs prove acceptab= le. Mill distinguished between higher and lower-order pleasures. By higher = pleasures he wasn’t talking about “refined” tastes or eli= te entertainment. He meant the pleasures that engage our </span><em>distinc= tively human capacities</em><span>: reasoning, imagination, and moral feeli= ng. As Mill put it in </span><em>Utilitarianism</em><span>, we “assig= n to the pleasures of the intellect, of the feelings and imagination, and o= f the moral sentiments, a much higher value as pleasures than to those of m= ere sensation.”</span></p><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(5= 4,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;">Consider someone who has exper= ienced the satisfaction of a nice-tasting meal and the satisfaction of solv= ing a difficult problem. If she is honest, she will rank the second higher.= These provide a deeper satisfaction.</p><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;col= or: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;">This is Mill’s = “competent judges” test. Ask anyone who has genuinely experienc= ed both kinds of pleasure which they would give up. They will sacrifice bod= ily pleasures first. The fool may be content. But Socrates, even when dissa= tisfied, has something the fool will never have.</p><p style=3D"margin: 0 0= 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;">Aristotle = made a similar observation over 2,000 years prior. He distinguished three l= ives: the life of pleasure, the life of political action, and the life of c= ontemplation. The life of pleasure seeks bodily satisfaction. The life of a= ction seeks honor and achievement. But the contemplative life seeks truth i= tself.</p><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: = 26px;font-size: 16px;">Contemplation is not passive. It is the most intense= activity the mind can perform. It means thinking about the highest things:= the structure of reality, the nature of the good, and the order of the cos= mos. This activity is not labor-intensive like farming or manufacturing, an= d it’s not leisure either. It is the mind at full stretch.</p><p styl= e=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 1= 6px;">Aristotle thought most people could not sustain a contemplative life.= The demands of survival intervened. But he also thought that insofar as we= can contemplate, we should. It is what we are for.</p><p style=3D"margin: = 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;">This is= where AI’s promise shines through. It can handle lower-order cogniti= ve tasks, freeing us for activities that engage our highest capacities. A r= esearcher who once spent hours hunting for sources can now spend those hour= s thinking about what the sources mean. A writer who labored over formattin= g can focus on whether the argument is true.</p><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20p= x 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;">Of course, peo= ple may not do this. We all know that AI can seduce us into passivity. But = I would argue that it also elevates the opportunities for virtue. The mind = freed from drudgery really can rise. It can shift us from the mechanical to= the meaningful. If we follow the competent judges test, as Mill would have= us, we know that most people do not prefer the mechanical once they have m= oved beyond it. Many people really do have the time to cultivate virtue and= devote themselves to pursuits that satisfy them and that achieve their hig= hest values. AI gives us the chance to do that.</p><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 = 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;">Following M= ill and Aristotle, cognitive offloading is acceptable only when it preserve= s these capacities. It can become noble when it enhances them.</p><h3 class= =3D"header-anchor-post" style=3D"position: relative;font-family: 'SF Pro Di= splay',-apple-system-headline,system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'S= egoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif,'Apple Color Emoji','Segoe UI Em= oji','Segoe UI Symbol';font-weight: bold;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiase= d;-moz-osx-font-smoothing: antialiased;-webkit-appearance: optimizelegibili= ty;-moz-appearance: optimizelegibility;appearance: optimizelegibility;margi= n: 1em 0 0.625em 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 1.16em;font-size: 1.37= 5em;">What to Offload</h3><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,5= 5);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;"><span>Consider two patients facing t= he same diagnosis. The first asks an AI what treatment to pursue and then s= imply does it. She has outsourced both the information-gathering </span><em= >and</em><span> the judgment itself. Her capacity for medical reasoning atr= ophies because she never exercises it. She cannot evaluate what the AI told= her. She cannot ask her doctor the right questions. When the AI errs, she = has no way to catch its mistake.</span></p><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;c= olor: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;">The second patient = uses AI differently. She conducts an extensive medical review, reading rese= arch reports that the AI surfaces. She generates a list of questions for he= r doctor based on what she learned, brings the reports to the appointment, = and discusses them. The doctor makes the call, but with a better-informed p= atient in the room.</p><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);= line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;">Both patients offloaded cognition. But = the second preserved her deliberative capacity. She did not hunt for the re= search herself (there’s no free cognitive lunch), but she did somethi= ng harder: evaluate it. Her speed at reading dense medical literature may a= trophy. But her ability to weigh trade-offs, to question authority, and to = integrate information grows stronger.</p><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;col= or: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;">Offloading exists on = a spectrum. The same pattern emerges in education, but with deliberation mo= re fully intact. A student can have AI do her homework and then pass it off= as her own. She speaks fluently about concepts she doesn’t understan= d. The appearance of intelligence replaces its reality. Like muscles that a= trophy without use, her reasoning capacity withers.</p><p style=3D"margin: = 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;">Or she = can use AI to challenge herself. Study mode forces her to work through prob= lems rather than receiving answers. The AI asks questions, corrects misconc= eptions, and refuses to simply hand over solutions. Each session builds her= capacity. She’s still using AI. But she’s building human think= ing on top of AI thinking.</p><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,= 55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;">Autopilot shows what happens whe= n atrophy goes wrong. Modern pilots offload constantly, and for good reason= ; automated systems handle airspeed, altitude, and navigation almost all of= the time. The pilot watches the machines work, which reduces fatigue. Flig= hts have become far safer as a result. Still, there is a loss. As we know f= rom the movies, hand-flying an aircraft keeps pilots in the loop, letting t= hem feel the aircraft’s responses intimately. That helps create a con= tinuous mental model of where the plane is located and what comes next. Aut= opilot allows for drift, and the mental model fades.</p><p style=3D"margin:= 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;">Air Fr= ance 447 is illustrative. In 2009, over the mid-Atlantic, the aircraft̵= 7;s pitot tubes iced over, and the autopilot disconnected. The pilots had t= o hand-fly in unusual conditions and made simple mistakes. The aircraft sta= lled, but the pilot pulled the nose up. The flight had 228 people. None sur= vived.</p><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: = 26px;font-size: 16px;">The pilots had thousands of hours of flying time bet= ween them, but their critical skills atrophied from disuse. Automation make= s us safer while making rare emergencies devastating. The mathematician who= offloads arithmetic still knows how to solve hard problems. The pilots who= offloaded flying could not fly when it mattered.</p><p style=3D"margin: 0 = 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;">What dist= inguishes good offloading from bad? The examples suggest an answer. Offload= mechanical cognition: the tedious, repetitive operations that don’t = require judgment. Preserve core deliberative capacities: the ability to eva= luate, choose, and reason through hard cases. Make sure evaluating AI outpu= ts requires active engagement. Expand higher-level intellectual activity. A= nd preserve cognitive sovereignty: maintain the ability to contest what the= AI tells you, to understand how it reached its conclusions, and to exit wh= en you need to.</p><h3 class=3D"header-anchor-post" style=3D"position: rela= tive;font-family: 'SF Pro Display',-apple-system-headline,system-ui,-apple-= system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif,'App= le Color Emoji','Segoe UI Emoji','Segoe UI Symbol';font-weight: bold;-webki= t-font-smoothing: antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing: antialiased;-webkit-= appearance: optimizelegibility;-moz-appearance: optimizelegibility;appearan= ce: optimizelegibility;margin: 1em 0 0.625em 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-he= ight: 1.16em;font-size: 1.375em;">Permissible atrophy</h3><p style=3D"margi= n: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;"><spa= n>In my previous essay for Cosmos, I argued that </span><a href=3D"https://= substack.com/redirect/4c647c45-d2ae-42a3-97f8-d13417078d39?j=3DeyJ1IjoiNXFx= eXF4In0.h9dEDbGj64cTNudluPwbMYWklSu8UKGoFv6eWS-HyoA" rel=3D"" style=3D"colo= r: rgb(54,55,55);text-decoration: underline;">intelligence environments</a>= <span> require contestability, transparency, and exit rights. Permissible a= trophy is the next question, and it is not just a personal one.</span></p><= p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-s= ize: 16px;">We are designing intelligence environments for one another. A t= eacher who assigns AI tools shapes what her students become. An employer wh= o deploys AI assistants shapes what their workers can do. These choices bec= ome the formal and informal rules that govern how we think. </p><p style=3D= "margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;= ">We have freed people from drudgery before. Some wasted the freedom. Other= s turned toward higher things. AI can go either way. Build it wrong, and we= may create sophisticated parrots: fluent, confident, and hollow.</p><p sty= le=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: = 16px;margin-bottom: 0;">Pepper became cheap because people wanted to put it= on everything. Intelligence is becoming cheap for the same reason. How we = embed it will determine who we become.</p></div></div><div class=3D"postscr= ipt-placeholder" style=3D"margin: 32px 0 0;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-b= ox;font-size: 16px;line-height: 26px;"></div><table class=3D"email-ufi-2-bo= ttom" role=3D"presentation" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" c= ellpadding=3D"0" style=3D"border-top: 1px solid rgb(0,0,0,.1);border-bottom= : 1px solid rgb(0,0,0,.1);min-width: 100%;"><tbody><tr height=3D"16"><td he= ight=3D"16" style=3D"font-size:0px;line-height:0;"> </td></tr><tr><td>= <table role=3D"presentation" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" = cellpadding=3D"0"><tbody><tr><td><table role=3D"presentation" width=3D"auto= " border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" style=3D"margin:0 auto;"= ><tbody><tr><td style=3D"vertical-align:middle;"><table role=3D"presentatio= n" width=3D"auto" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0"><tbody><= tr><td align=3D"center"><a class=3D"email-button-outline" href=3D"https://s= ubstack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=3D2225794&post_id=3D186282973&utm_= source=3Dsubstack&isFreemail=3Dtrue&submitLike=3Dtrue&token=3DeyJ1c2VyX2lkI= jozNDcyNTg5ODUsInBvc3RfaWQiOjE4NjI4Mjk3MywicmVhY3Rpb24iOiLinaQiLCJpYXQiOjE3= Njk3ODU1OTIsImV4cCI6MTc3MjM3NzU5MiwiaXNzIjoicHViLTIyMjU3OTQiLCJzdWIiOiJyZWF= jdGlvbiJ9.5WEaCYP8nmBAbjmFpsN4BhOgKNpWjHKiuJzZkNwCbGo&utm_medium=3Demail&ut= m_campaign=3Demail-reaction&r=3D5qqyqx" style=3D"font-family: system-ui,-ap= ple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif,= 'Apple Color Emoji','Segoe UI Emoji','Segoe UI Symbol';display: inline-bloc= k;font-weight: 500;border: 1px solid rgb(0,0,0,.1);border-radius: 9999px;te= xt-transform: uppercase;font-size: 12px;line-height: 12px;padding: 9px 14px= ;text-decoration: none;color: rgb(119,119,119);"><img class=3D"icon" src=3D= "https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PeVs!,w_36,c_scale,f_png,q_auto:go= 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