Return-Path: Delivered-To: alvarochf@traceseis.com Received: from cs510.bluehost.com by cs510.bluehost.com with LMTP id yHtJGIYxxGl+eQEAWiBQxw (envelope-from ) for ; Wed, 25 Mar 2026 13:03:34 -0600 Return-path: Envelope-to: alvarochf@traceseis.com Delivery-date: Wed, 25 Mar 2026 13:03:34 -0600 Received: from maile-aa.linkedin.com ([108.174.3.193]:34309) by cs510.bluehost.com with esmtps (TLS1.3) tls TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 (Exim 4.98.2) (envelope-from ) id 1w5TVu-00000000fOd-0erg for alvarochf@traceseis.com; Wed, 25 Mar 2026 13:03:34 -0600 DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=maile.linkedin.com; s=d2048-202308-0e; t=1774465403; bh=clqtEENSOd3hGPrl6dwwb0xUpozqXOo8k5MxJG4y0ME=; h=Date:From:Subject:MIME-Version:Content-Type:To:X-LinkedIn-Class: X-LinkedIn-Template:X-LinkedIn-fbl; b=s5NsWeaVkO8nmOktwy94LTxS8pTC+OdxfD5NLAg55ZWiFmThwoURmjpgMoe+7+d4e aiGVQ5k0cSFAyL/d/GY/ucEmwiuaW55Q6hxtU9bxi/iYmCirLnt7lSJ18uH80ia0RZ I+6V/ZpJeqDws41t/t5ragVPz0jmHbqipiZM0myY2QocluiooH2dQAcpMF/KoGYZV7 vCZnlEsd8yOPx+QyaflrTvjm92avBI0XvxAOLWacFFqjydSG8BVl9ph6NGHw7BrvIS TD8rOtosXFPf5MFOCjnZ7CtZtWp1muG+Tk8Vy7ej0rl9ez7hdiPq4ewWpQ6Bij6LLp +rWbhT/qBFHXQ== DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=linkedin.com; s=d2048-202308-00; t=1774465403; bh=clqtEENSOd3hGPrl6dwwb0xUpozqXOo8k5MxJG4y0ME=; h=Date:From:Subject:MIME-Version:Content-Type:To:X-LinkedIn-Class: X-LinkedIn-Template:X-LinkedIn-fbl; b=BGKWGYGsjCitTLMvcWrF3oX5wVGQ5nHpltpLAzY63jsgCI669i4q2qAAt0voVNW3M +B+V6A9Y11hBXlB7ATeYzpFzPNLzuWHeO79W/ToaeldQzBJR7eE5CHuSAZfrDftvSf ZOIGGKJ96Mz6+L0AIV4o6WbcSegcgzx7UjDTlB3cH8hQONS1fct/PEOBhs2X1HU3/y 1qbsabr9ascTCj63/mMVUl/oy1kHwMPiUXTVL8Jm+BZKqevjNqmw0KeIUZxZzJm87D ZKg/hHIGFnWa3KzWNP1ci7ZkJKgo+vCCodjEYEgFqmi/9JLykGlrJ50UXTw8psMfWK kWFI1Hmh4iXdw== Date: Wed, 25 Mar 2026 19:03:23 +0000 (UTC) From: "Reservoir Solutions (RES) via LinkedIn" Message-ID: <114571603.5406372.1774465403012@lva1-app160669.prod.linkedin.com> Subject: Surfactant Flooding: Enhancing Oil Recovery with Chemistry MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="----=_Part_5406369_1089024331.1774465403010" To: "Alvaro Chaveste Jr." X-LinkedIn-Class: EMAIL-DEFAULT X-LinkedIn-Template: email_series_follow_newsletter_02 X-LinkedIn-fbl: m2-aszp9kuot4snc82oeszq6jtie3i4z0pl88x8m6weenm0y1p66or5hkzu8ij75h6wfeh3h86ch8zru9fl6ivcgrtyd0hbtqe9v2mlpy X-LinkedIn-Id: niwq2c-mn6esebs-70 List-Unsubscribe: List-Unsubscribe-Post: List-Unsubscribe=One-Click Require-Recipient-Valid-Since: alvarochf@traceseis.com; Wed, 13 Nov 2024 04:36:45 +0000 ------=_Part_5406369_1089024331.1774465403010 Content-Type: text/plain;charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-ID: text-body Reservoir Solutions (RES) By Reservoir Solutions (RES) By Reservoir Solutions (RES) =20 =20 Read this article on LinkedIn to join the conversation Read on LinkedIn https://www.linkedin.com/comm/pulse/surfactant-flooding-enhancing-oil-recov= ery-chemistry-vyt0f?lipi=3Durn%3Ali%3Apage%3Aemail_email_series_follow_news= letter_02%3BiBpoYO3WRjeKfuYnQnrOcg%3D%3D&midToken=3DAQHs81gzrEnLQw&midSig= =3D3Yx-Ayspcnhsc1&trk=3Deml-email_series_follow_newsletter_02-null-0-read_m= ore_banner_cta_&trkEmail=3Deml-email_series_follow_newsletter_02-null-0-rea= d_more_banner_cta_-null-niwq2c~mn6esebs~70-null-null&eid=3Dniwq2c-mn6esebs-= 70 =20 Introduction As conventional oil production declines in mature reservoirs, = the focus has shifted toward maximizing recovery from existing assets. Prim= ary and secondary recovery methods often leave behind a significant portion= of the original oil in place (OOIP), sometimes exceeding 50%. This gap has= driven the development of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) techniques, where ch= emistry plays a critical role. Among these methods, surfactant flooding sta= nds out as an effective approach to mobilize trapped oil and improve recove= ry efficiency. What is Surfactant Flooding? Surfactant flooding is a chemic= al EOR technique that involves injecting surfactant solutions into the rese= rvoir. Surfactants are chemical agents that reduce the interfacial tension = (IFT) between oil and water. By lowering this tension, trapped oil droplets= can be mobilized and flow more easily through the porous rock toward produ= ction wells. In a typical waterflood, capillary forces trap oil within pore= spaces. Surfactants alter these forces, allowing the oil to detach from th= e rock surface and move with the injected fluid. This process significantly= increases the microscopic displacement efficiency. How It Works The effect= iveness of surfactant flooding depends on two main mechanisms: 1. Reduction= of Interfacial Tension (IFT) Surfactants can reduce IFT to ultra-low level= s, sometimes as low as 10=E2=81=BB=C2=B3 dyn/cm. This drastic reduction min= imizes capillary forces that trap oil, enabling it to flow freely. 2. Wetta= bility Alteration Surfactants can change the wettability of the reservoir r= ock from oil-wet to water-wet. This shift improves the ability of injected = water to displace oil from rock surfaces. 3. Emulsification and Mobilizatio= n Surfactants can form microemulsions, which help solubilize oil and enhanc= e its mobility within the reservoir. Types of Surfactants Used Different ty= pes of surfactants are used depending on reservoir conditions such as salin= ity, temperature, and mineralogy: Anionic Surfactants: Most commonly used; = effective in sandstone reservoirs. Cationic Surfactants: Suitable for carbo= nate formations but more expensive. Nonionic Surfactants: Less sensitive to= salinity and temperature changes. Zwitterionic Surfactants: Offer stabilit= y under harsh reservoir conditions. The selection process is critical and u= sually involves extensive laboratory testing to ensure compatibility with r= eservoir fluids and rocks. Key Design Considerations Successful implementat= ion of surfactant flooding requires careful design: Salinity and Hardness: = High salinity can reduce surfactant efficiency. Adsorption Losses: Surfacta= nts may adsorb onto rock surfaces, reducing effectiveness. Temperature Stab= ility: High temperatures can degrade certain surfactants. Phase Behavior: P= roper formulation ensures optimal microemulsion formation. Often, surfactan= t flooding is combined with polymer flooding to improve sweep efficiency by= increasing the viscosity of the injected fluid. Advantages of Surfactant F= looding Significant increase in oil recovery (often 10=E2=80=9320% addition= al OOIP) Effective in mobilizing residual oil Can be tailored for different= reservoir conditions Enhances microscopic displacement efficiency Challeng= es and Limitations Despite its benefits, surfactant flooding faces several = challenges: High Cost: Surfactants and chemical formulation can be expensiv= e. Chemical Degradation: Harsh reservoir conditions may reduce effectivenes= s. Scaling and Precipitation: Interaction with reservoir brines can cause i= ssues. Operational Complexity: Requires precise design and monitoring. Thes= e challenges often limit its application to reservoirs where the economic r= eturn justifies the investment. Field Applications Surfactant flooding has = been successfully implemented in several fields worldwide, particularly in = sandstone reservoirs. Projects in China, the United States, and the Middle = East have demonstrated its ability to significantly enhance oil recovery wh= en properly designed. In many cases, surfactant flooding is applied as part= of a chemical EOR strategy, such as ASP (Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer) floo= ding, which combines multiple mechanisms for improved performance. Future O= utlook Advancements in chemical engineering and nanotechnology are opening = new possibilities for surfactant flooding. Researchers are developing more = efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly surfactants that ca= n withstand extreme reservoir conditions. Additionally, digital reservoir m= odeling and simulation tools are improving the design and prediction of EOR= performance, reducing risks and optimizing chemical usage. Conclusion Surf= actant flooding represents a powerful intersection of chemistry and reservo= ir engineering. By targeting the fundamental forces that trap oil within po= rous media, this method unlocks significant volumes of otherwise unrecovera= ble hydrocarbons. While challenges remain, continuous innovation and improv= ed economic strategies are making surfactant flooding an increasingly viabl= e option in the global effort to maximize hydrocarbon recovery from mature = fields. Keep reading on LinkedIn https://www.linkedin.com/comm/pulse/surfactant-flooding-enhancing-oil-recov= ery-chemistry-vyt0f?lipi=3Durn%3Ali%3Apage%3Aemail_email_series_follow_news= letter_02%3BiBpoYO3WRjeKfuYnQnrOcg%3D%3D&midToken=3DAQHs81gzrEnLQw&midSig= =3D3Yx-Ayspcnhsc1&trk=3Deml-email_series_follow_newsletter_02-newsletter_co= ntent_preview_text-0-readmore_button_&trkEmail=3Deml-email_series_follow_ne= wsletter_02-newsletter_content_preview_text-0-readmore_button_-null-niwq2c~= mn6esebs~70-null-null&eid=3Dniwq2c-mn6esebs-70 =20 =20 ---------------------------------------- This email was intended for Alvaro Chaveste Jr. (TraceSeis, Inc: Mapping th= e Subsurface with Measured Precision.) Learn why we included this: https://www.linkedin.com/help/linkedin/answer/4= 788?lang=3Den&lipi=3Durn%3Ali%3Apage%3Aemail_email_series_follow_newsletter= _02%3BiBpoYO3WRjeKfuYnQnrOcg%3D%3D&midToken=3DAQHs81gzrEnLQw&midSig=3D3Yx-A= yspcnhsc1&trk=3Deml-email_series_follow_newsletter_02-SecurityHelp-0-textfo= oterglimmer&trkEmail=3Deml-email_series_follow_newsletter_02-SecurityHelp-0= -textfooterglimmer-null-niwq2c~mn6esebs~70-null-null&eid=3Dniwq2c-mn6esebs-= 70 You are receiving LinkedIn notification emails. Others can see that you are= a subscriber. 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LinkedIn and the LinkedIn logo are registered trademarks of LinkedIn. ------=_Part_5406369_1089024331.1774465403010 Content-Type: text/html;charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-ID: html-body <= head> </t= itle> <style> @media (max-width: 512px) { .mercado-container { width: 100% = !important; } } </style> <style> @media (max-width: 480px) { .inline-button, .inline-button tabl= e { display: none !important; } .full-width-button, .full-width-button table { display: table != important; } } @media (max-width: 320px) { .games-notification-badge { display: none !important; } } </style> <style>body {font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, Blin= kMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', 'Fira Sans', Ubuntu, Oxygen, 'Oxygen Sans', Cantarell, 'Droid S= ans', 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica= , Arial, sans-serif;}</style> <!--[if mso]><style type=3D"text/css"> </styl= e><![endif]--> <!--[if IE]><style type=3D"text/css"> </style><![endif]--> <= /head> <body dir=3D"ltr" class=3D"font-sans bg-color-background-canvas w-fu= ll m-0 p-0 pt-1" style=3D"-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; 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cursor: pointer; display: inline-bloc= k; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; -ms-text-size-adj= ust: 100%;"> <img class=3D"inline-block relative bg-color-entity-ghost-back= ground w-6 h-6 rounded-md" src=3D"https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/v2/D4D1= 2AQGt2WJKsDDmdw/series-logo_image-shrink_100_100/series-logo_image-shrink_1= 00_100/0/1723371514382?e=3D1776297600&v=3Dbeta&t=3DmTkA4vXkN_OJ_zdM= XJ_mhAbBJsmoc6knrpC7loBcCmY" alt=3D"Open Reservoir Solutions (RES)" style= =3D"outline: none; text-decoration: none; -ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic; = position: relative; display: inline-block; height: 48px; width: 48px; borde= r-radius: 8px; background-color: #eae6df;" width=3D"48" height=3D"48"> </a>= </td> <td valign=3D"top" style=3D"-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; -ms-text= -size-adjust: 100%; mso-table-lspace: 0pt; mso-table-rspace: 0pt;"> <table = role=3D"presentation" valign=3D"top" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpad= ding=3D"0" width=3D"100%" style=3D"-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; 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font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; line-heig= ht: 1.25; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);"> Reservoir Solutions (RES) </span> </= div> </a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style=3D"-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; -ms= -text-size-adjust: 100%; mso-table-lspace: 0pt; mso-table-rspace: 0pt;"> <a= href=3D"https://www.linkedin.com/comm/newsletters/7221979031120805889?lipi= =3Durn%3Ali%3Apage%3Aemail_email_series_follow_newsletter_02%3BiBpoYO3WRjeK= fuYnQnrOcg%3D%3D&midToken=3DAQHs81gzrEnLQw&midSig=3D3Yx-Ayspcnhsc1&= amp;trk=3Deml-email_series_follow_newsletter_02-newsletter_entity_lockup-0-= newsletter_entity_cta&trkEmail=3Deml-email_series_follow_newsletter_02-= newsletter_entity_lockup-0-newsletter_entity_cta-null-niwq2c~mn6esebs~70-nu= ll-null&eid=3Dniwq2c-mn6esebs-70" target=3D"_blank" class=3D"no-underli= ne" style=3D"color: #0a66c2; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; text-d= ecoration: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; -ms-text-size-adjust: 100%= ; text-decoration-line: none;"> <span class=3D"text-xs text-color-text-low-= emphasis leading-regular" style=3D"font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.25; colo= r: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6);"> Reservoir Solutions delivers cutting-edge petroleu= m services, training optimizing reservoir=E2=80=A6 </span> </a> </td> </tr>= </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr data-test-= id=3D"newsletter-content-preview"> <td class=3D"px-3 pt-2" style=3D"-webkit= -text-size-adjust: 100%; -ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; mso-table-lspace: 0pt;= mso-table-rspace: 0pt; padding-left: 24px; padding-right: 24px; padding-to= p: 16px;"> <table role=3D"presentation" valign=3D"top" border=3D"0" cellspa= cing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" width=3D"100%" style=3D"-webkit-text-size-adju= st: 100%; -ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; mso-table-lspace: 0pt; mso-table-rspa= ce: 0pt;"> <tbody> <tr> <td class=3D"overflow-hidden " style=3D"-webkit-tex= t-size-adjust: 100%; -ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; mso-table-lspace: 0pt; mso= -table-rspace: 0pt; overflow: hidden;"> <table role=3D"presentation" valign= =3D"top" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" width=3D"100%" st= yle=3D"-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; -ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; mso-tabl= e-lspace: 0pt; mso-table-rspace: 0pt;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style=3D"-webkit-t= ext-size-adjust: 100%; -ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; mso-table-lspace: 0pt; m= so-table-rspace: 0pt;"> <a href=3D"https://www.linkedin.com/comm/pulse/surf= actant-flooding-enhancing-oil-recovery-chemistry-vyt0f?lipi=3Durn%3Ali%3Apa= ge%3Aemail_email_series_follow_newsletter_02%3BiBpoYO3WRjeKfuYnQnrOcg%3D%3D= &midToken=3DAQHs81gzrEnLQw&midSig=3D3Yx-Ayspcnhsc1&trk=3Deml-em= ail_series_follow_newsletter_02-newsletter_content_preview-0-headline_&= trkEmail=3Deml-email_series_follow_newsletter_02-newsletter_content_preview= -0-headline_-null-niwq2c~mn6esebs~70-null-null&eid=3Dniwq2c-mn6esebs-70= " target=3D"_blank" class=3D"w-full" style=3D"color: #0a66c2; cursor: point= er; display: inline-block; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust:= 100%; -ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; width: 100%;"> <img class=3D"block w-ful= l aspect-[744/400] object-cover overflow-hidden" data-test-id=3D"newsletter= -content-preview__cover-image" alt=3D"Newsletter cover image" src=3D"https:= //media.licdn.com/dms/image/v2/D4D12AQHBD09kz-5B3g/article-cover_image-shri= nk_720_1280/B4DZ0lMqxBGcAU-/0/1774445612640?e=3D1776297600&v=3Dbeta&= ;t=3DnnBeE5e4JjOYDS8fOGLvyS_rxeSBo9eKo95-gpsPzSI" style=3D"outline: none; t= ext-decoration: none; -ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic; display: block; aspe= ct-ratio: 744/400; width: 100%; overflow: hidden; object-fit: cover;"> </a>= </td> </tr> <tr> <td class=3D"py-2" style=3D"-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100= %; -ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; mso-table-lspace: 0pt; mso-table-rspace: 0pt= ; padding-top: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px;"> <table role=3D"presentation" v= align=3D"top" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" width=3D"100= %" style=3D"-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; -ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; mso= -table-lspace: 0pt; mso-table-rspace: 0pt;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style=3D"-web= kit-text-size-adjust: 100%; -ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; mso-table-lspace: 0= pt; mso-table-rspace: 0pt;"> <a href=3D"https://www.linkedin.com/comm/pulse= /surfactant-flooding-enhancing-oil-recovery-chemistry-vyt0f?lipi=3Durn%3Ali= %3Apage%3Aemail_email_series_follow_newsletter_02%3BiBpoYO3WRjeKfuYnQnrOcg%= 3D%3D&midToken=3DAQHs81gzrEnLQw&midSig=3D3Yx-Ayspcnhsc1&trk=3De= ml-email_series_follow_newsletter_02-newsletter_content_preview-0-title_&am= p;trkEmail=3Deml-email_series_follow_newsletter_02-newsletter_content_previ= ew-0-title_-null-niwq2c~mn6esebs~70-null-null&eid=3Dniwq2c-mn6esebs-70"= target=3D"_blank" class=3D"no-underline font-medium text-sm m-0 text-syste= m-gray-90" style=3D"cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; text-decoration= : none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; -ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; margin:= 0px; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 500; color: #282828; text-decoration-li= ne: none;"> <h2 class=3D"m-0 text-display-sm leading-regular text-color-tex= t font-bold font-sans" style=3D"margin: 0px; font-family: -apple-system, sy= stem-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', 'Fira Sa= ns', Ubuntu, Oxygen, 'Oxygen Sans', Cantarell, 'Droid Sans', 'Apple Color E= moji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Lucida Grand= e', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; font-weight: 600; line-h= eight: 1.25; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);"> Surfactant Flooding: Enhancing Oi= l Recovery with Chemistry </h2> </a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style=3D"-webkit-= text-size-adjust: 100%; -ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; mso-table-lspace: 0pt; = mso-table-rspace: 0pt;"> <table role=3D"presentation" valign=3D"top" border= =3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" width=3D"100%" data-test-id=3D"n= ewsletter-author-lockup-redesign" class=3D"mt-1 mb-2" style=3D"-webkit-text= -size-adjust: 100%; 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margin-left: 8p= x; text-decoration-line: none;"> <span class=3D"font-sans font-bold text-sm= mb-3 text-color-text-low-emphasis leading-regular" style=3D"margin-bottom:= 24px; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI= ', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', 'Fira Sans', Ubuntu, Oxygen, 'Oxygen Sans', Ca= ntarell, 'Droid Sans', 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emo= ji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font= -size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.25; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6)= ;"> Reservoir Solutions (RES) </span> </a> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </= td> </tr> <tr> <td class=3D"pb-1" style=3D"-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; = -ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; mso-table-lspace: 0pt; mso-table-rspace: 0pt; p= adding-bottom: 8px;"> <div class=3D"p-3 bg-color-surface-tint rounded-md fo= nt-sans" data-test-id=3D"newsletter-cta-banner" style=3D"border-radius: 8px= ; background-color: #f5f7f9; padding: 24px; font-family: -apple-system, sys= tem-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', 'Fira San= s', Ubuntu, Oxygen, 'Oxygen Sans', Cantarell, 'Droid Sans', 'Apple Color Em= oji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Lucida Grande= ', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> <div class=3D"mb-1.5" style=3D"margin-bo= ttom: 12px;"> <span class=3D"text-md leading-regular font-bold text-color-t= ext" style=3D"font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.25; color: = rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);"> Read this article on LinkedIn to join the conversatio= n </span> </div> <table role=3D"presentation" valign=3D"top" border=3D"0" c= ellspacing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" width=3D"100%" class=3D"email-button " d= ata-test-id=3D"email-button" style=3D"-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; -ms-t= ext-size-adjust: 100%; mso-table-lspace: 0pt; mso-table-rspace: 0pt;"> <tbo= dy> <tr> <td valign=3D"middle" align=3D"left" style=3D"-webkit-text-size-ad= just: 100%; -ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; mso-table-lspace: 0pt; mso-table-rs= pace: 0pt;"> <a href=3D"https://www.linkedin.com/comm/pulse/surfactant-floo= ding-enhancing-oil-recovery-chemistry-vyt0f?lipi=3Durn%3Ali%3Apage%3Aemail_= email_series_follow_newsletter_02%3BiBpoYO3WRjeKfuYnQnrOcg%3D%3D&midTok= en=3DAQHs81gzrEnLQw&midSig=3D3Yx-Ayspcnhsc1&trk=3Deml-email_series_= follow_newsletter_02-newsletter_content_preview-0-read_more_banner_cta_&= ;trkEmail=3Deml-email_series_follow_newsletter_02-newsletter_content_previe= w-0-read_more_banner_cta_-null-niwq2c~mn6esebs~70-null-null&eid=3Dniwq2= c-mn6esebs-70" target=3D"_blank" aria-label=3D"Open this article on LinkedI= n" class=3D"align-top no-underline " style=3D"color: #0a66c2; cursor: point= er; display: inline-block; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust:= 100%; -ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: top; text-decoration-lin= e: none;"> <table role=3D"presentation" valign=3D"top" border=3D"0" cellspa= cing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" width=3D"auto" class=3D"border-separate " styl= e=3D"-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; -ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; mso-table-= lspace: 0pt; mso-table-rspace: 0pt; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody> <t= r> <td class=3D"btn-sm btn-primary border-color-brand button-link leading-r= egular !min-h-[auto] !shadow-none border-1 border-solid" style=3D"-webkit-t= ext-size-adjust: 100%; -ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; mso-table-lspace: 0pt; m= so-table-rspace: 0pt; height: min-content; border-radius: 24px; padding-top= : 7px; padding-bottom: 7px; padding-left: 16px; padding-right: 16px; text-a= lign: center; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; cursor: pointer; text-deco= ration-line: none; background-color: #0a66c2; color: #ffffff; border-width:= 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #0a66c2; line-height: 1.25; min-he= ight: auto !important; box-shadow: 0 0 #0000, 0 0 #0000, 0 0 #0000 !importa= nt;"> <a href=3D"https://www.linkedin.com/comm/pulse/surfactant-flooding-en= hancing-oil-recovery-chemistry-vyt0f?lipi=3Durn%3Ali%3Apage%3Aemail_email_s= eries_follow_newsletter_02%3BiBpoYO3WRjeKfuYnQnrOcg%3D%3D&midToken=3DAQ= Hs81gzrEnLQw&midSig=3D3Yx-Ayspcnhsc1&trk=3Deml-email_series_follow_= newsletter_02-newsletter_content_preview-0-read_more_banner_cta_&trkEma= il=3Deml-email_series_follow_newsletter_02-newsletter_content_preview-0-rea= d_more_banner_cta_-null-niwq2c~mn6esebs~70-null-null&eid=3Dniwq2c-mn6es= ebs-70" target=3D"_blank" tabindex=3D"-1" aria-hidden=3D"true" class=3D"no-= underline" style=3D"color: #0a66c2; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block;= text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; -ms-text-size-adjus= t: 100%; text-decoration-line: none;"> <span class=3D"no-underline text-whi= te" style=3D"color: #ffffff; text-decoration-line: none;"> Read on LinkedIn= </span> </a> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </a> </td> </tr> </tbody> </tab= le> </div> </td> </tr> <tr data-test-id=3D"newsletter-content-preview--cont= ent"> <td class=3D"font-sans text-md leading-open text-system-gray-90" styl= e=3D"-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; -ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; mso-table-= lspace: 0pt; mso-table-rspace: 0pt; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, = BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', 'Fira Sans', Ubun= tu, Oxygen, 'Oxygen Sans', Cantarell, 'Droid Sans', 'Apple Color Emoji', 'S= egoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Lucida Grande', Helve= tica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5; color: #282828;= "> <div data-test-id=3D"publishing-text-block"> <h3 class=3D"m-0 text-md te= xt-system-gray-90 pt-1 pb-0.5 leading-regular font-bold" data-test-id=3D"pu= blishing-text-block-h2" style=3D"margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-= top: 8px; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.25; color: #282= 828;"> <span class data-test-id=3D"little-text-block">Introduction</span> <= /h3> </div> <div data-test-id=3D"publishing-text-block"> <p class=3D"m-0 mt= -1.5 text-md leading-open" style=3D"font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; margin-t= op: 12px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5;"> <span class data-test-id=3D"= little-text-block">As conventional oil production declines in mature reserv= oirs, the focus has shifted toward maximizing recovery from existing assets= . Primary and secondary recovery methods often leave behind a significant p= ortion of the original oil in place (OOIP), sometimes exceeding 50%. This g= ap has driven the development of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) techniques, wh= ere chemistry plays a critical role. Among these methods, surfactant floodi= ng stands out as an effective approach to mobilize trapped oil and improve = recovery efficiency.</span> </p> </div> <hr data-test-id=3D"publishing-divi= der-block" class=3D"my-1 h-[1px] border-0 bg-system-gray-60" style=3D"margi= n-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; height: 1px; border-width: 0; background-co= lor: #8c8c8c;"> <div data-test-id=3D"publishing-text-block"> <h3 class=3D"m= -0 text-md text-system-gray-90 pt-1 pb-0.5 leading-regular font-bold" data-= test-id=3D"publishing-text-block-h2" style=3D"margin: 0px; padding-bottom: = 4px; padding-top: 8px; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.25= ; color: #282828;"> <span class data-test-id=3D"little-text-block">What is = Surfactant Flooding?</span> </h3> </div> <div data-test-id=3D"publishing-te= xt-block"> <p class=3D"m-0 mt-1.5 text-md leading-open" style=3D"font-weigh= t: 400; margin: 0px; margin-top: 12px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5;">= <span class data-test-id=3D"little-text-block">Surfactant flooding is a ch= emical EOR technique that involves injecting surfactant solutions into the = reservoir. Surfactants are chemical agents that reduce the interfacial tens= ion (IFT) between oil and water. By lowering this tension, trapped oil drop= lets can be mobilized and flow more easily through the porous rock toward p= roduction wells.</span> </p> </div> <div data-test-id=3D"publishing-text-bl= ock"> <p class=3D"m-0 mt-1.5 text-md leading-open" style=3D"font-weight: 40= 0; margin: 0px; margin-top: 12px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5;"> <spa= n class data-test-id=3D"little-text-block">In a typical waterflood, capilla= ry forces trap oil within pore spaces. Surfactants alter these forces, allo= wing the oil to detach from the rock surface and move with the injected flu= id. This process significantly increases the microscopic displacement effic= iency.</span> </p> </div> <hr data-test-id=3D"publishing-divider-block" cla= ss=3D"my-1 h-[1px] border-0 bg-system-gray-60" style=3D"margin-top: 8px; ma= rgin-bottom: 8px; height: 1px; border-width: 0; background-color: #8c8c8c;"= > <div data-test-id=3D"publishing-text-block"> <h3 class=3D"m-0 text-md tex= t-system-gray-90 pt-1 pb-0.5 leading-regular font-bold" data-test-id=3D"pub= lishing-text-block-h2" style=3D"margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-t= op: 8px; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.25; color: #2828= 28;"> <span class data-test-id=3D"little-text-block">How It Works</span> </= h3> </div> <div data-test-id=3D"publishing-text-block"> <p class=3D"m-0 mt-= 1.5 text-md leading-open" style=3D"font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; margin-to= p: 12px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5;"> <span class data-test-id=3D"l= ittle-text-block">The effectiveness of surfactant flooding depends on two m= ain mechanisms:</span> </p> </div> <div data-test-id=3D"publishing-text-blo= ck"> <p class=3D"m-0 mt-1.5 text-md leading-open" style=3D"font-weight: 400= ; margin: 0px; margin-top: 12px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5;"> <span= class=3D"font-[700]" data-test-id=3D"little-text-block" style=3D"font-weig= ht: 700;">1. Reduction of Interfacial Tension (IFT)</span><span class data-= test-id=3D"little-text-block"> Surfactants can reduce IFT to ultra-low leve= ls, sometimes as low as 10=E2=81=BB=C2=B3 dyn/cm. This drastic reduction mi= nimizes capillary forces that trap oil, enabling it to flow freely.</span> = </p> </div> <div data-test-id=3D"publishing-text-block"> <p class=3D"m-0 mt= -1.5 text-md leading-open" style=3D"font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; margin-t= op: 12px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5;"> <span class=3D"font-[700]" d= ata-test-id=3D"little-text-block" style=3D"font-weight: 700;">2. Wettabilit= y Alteration</span><span class data-test-id=3D"little-text-block"> Surfacta= nts can change the wettability of the reservoir rock from oil-wet to water-= wet. This shift improves the ability of injected water to displace oil from= rock surfaces.</span> </p> </div> <span>...</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td cl= ass=3D"pt-2 no-underline" style=3D"-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; -ms-text= -size-adjust: 100%; mso-table-lspace: 0pt; mso-table-rspace: 0pt; padding-t= op: 16px; text-decoration-line: none;"> <table role=3D"presentation" valign= =3D"top" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" width=3D"100%" cl= ass=3D"email-button series-content-preview__bottom-cta" data-test-id=3D"ema= il-button" style=3D"-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; -ms-text-size-adjust: 1= 00%; mso-table-lspace: 0pt; mso-table-rspace: 0pt;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valig= n=3D"middle" align=3D"left" style=3D"-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; -ms-te= xt-size-adjust: 100%; mso-table-lspace: 0pt; mso-table-rspace: 0pt;"> <a hr= ef=3D"https://www.linkedin.com/comm/pulse/surfactant-flooding-enhancing-oil= -recovery-chemistry-vyt0f?lipi=3Durn%3Ali%3Apage%3Aemail_email_series_follo= w_newsletter_02%3BiBpoYO3WRjeKfuYnQnrOcg%3D%3D&midToken=3DAQHs81gzrEnLQ= w&midSig=3D3Yx-Ayspcnhsc1&trk=3Deml-email_series_follow_newsletter_= 02-newsletter_content_preview-0-readmore_button_&trkEmail=3Deml-email_s= eries_follow_newsletter_02-newsletter_content_preview-0-readmore_button_-nu= ll-niwq2c~mn6esebs~70-null-null&eid=3Dniwq2c-mn6esebs-70" target=3D"_bl= ank" aria-label=3D"Open Reservoir Solutions (RES) on LinkedIn" class=3D"ali= gn-top no-underline " style=3D"color: #0a66c2; cursor: pointer; display: in= line-block; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; -ms-text= -size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: top; text-decoration-line: none; width:= 100%;"> <table role=3D"presentation" valign=3D"top" border=3D"0" cellspaci= ng=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" width=3D"100%" class=3D"border-separate " style= =3D"-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; -ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; mso-table-l= space: 0pt; mso-table-rspace: 0pt; border-collapse: separate; width: 100%;"= > <tbody> <tr> <td class=3D"btn-md btn-secondary-emphasis border-color-bran= d button-link leading-regular !min-h-[auto] !shadow-none border-1 border-so= lid font-sans" data-test-id=3D"newsletter-content-preview-redesign-bottom-c= ta" style=3D"-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; -ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; ms= o-table-lspace: 0pt; mso-table-rspace: 0pt; height: min-content; border-rad= ius: 24px; padding-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 12px; padding-left: 24px; pad= ding-right: 24px; text-align: center; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; cu= rsor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, = 0); color: #0a66c2; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #= 0a66c2; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe U= I', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', 'Fira Sans', Ubuntu, Oxygen, 'Oxygen Sans', C= antarell, 'Droid Sans', 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Em= oji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; lin= e-height: 1.25; min-height: auto !important; box-shadow: 0 0 #0000, 0 0 #00= 00, 0 0 #0000 !important;"> <a href=3D"https://www.linkedin.com/comm/pulse/= surfactant-flooding-enhancing-oil-recovery-chemistry-vyt0f?lipi=3Durn%3Ali%= 3Apage%3Aemail_email_series_follow_newsletter_02%3BiBpoYO3WRjeKfuYnQnrOcg%3= D%3D&midToken=3DAQHs81gzrEnLQw&midSig=3D3Yx-Ayspcnhsc1&trk=3Dem= l-email_series_follow_newsletter_02-newsletter_content_preview-0-readmore_b= utton_&trkEmail=3Deml-email_series_follow_newsletter_02-newsletter_cont= ent_preview-0-readmore_button_-null-niwq2c~mn6esebs~70-null-null&eid=3D= niwq2c-mn6esebs-70" target=3D"_blank" tabindex=3D"-1" aria-hidden=3D"true" = class=3D"no-underline" style=3D"color: #0a66c2; cursor: pointer; display: i= nline-block; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; -ms-tex= t-size-adjust: 100%; text-decoration-line: none; width: 100%;"> <span class= =3D"no-underline text-color-brand" style=3D"color: #0a66c2; text-decoration= -line: none;"> Keep reading on LinkedIn </span> </a> </td> </tr> </tbody> <= /table> </a> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </= td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbo= dy> </table> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class=3D"bg-color-background-canva= s p-3" style=3D"-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; -ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;= mso-table-lspace: 0pt; mso-table-rspace: 0pt; background-color: #f3f2f0; p= adding: 24px;"> <table role=3D"presentation" valign=3D"top" border=3D"0" ce= llspacing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" width=3D"100%" class=3D"text-xs" style=3D= "-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; -ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; mso-table-lspa= ce: 0pt; mso-table-rspace: 0pt; font-size: 12px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td class= =3D"pb-1 m-0" data-test-id=3D"email-footer__intended" style=3D"-webkit-text= -size-adjust: 100%; 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